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Rabu, 06 April 2016

MODAL VERBS



MODAL VERBS




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UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI

MODAL VERBS

A.    DEFINITION
  A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb that is used  to indicate modality-that is likelihood, ability, permission, possibility.

B.     FUNCTION
A modal auxiliary verb gives information about the function of the main verb that it governs. Modals have a wide variety of communicative functions, but these functions can generally be related to a scale ranging from possibility ("may") to necessity ("must"), in terms of one of the following types of modality:
  • epistemic modality, concerned with the theoretical possibility of propositions being true or not true (including likelihood and certainty)
  • deontic modality, concerned with possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to act (including permission and duty)
  • dynamic modality, which may be distinguished from deontic modality, in that with dynamic modality, the conditioning factors are internal – the subject's own ability or willingness to act
The following sentences illustrate epistemic and deontic uses of the English modal verb must:
  • epistemic: You must be starving. ("It is necessarily the case that you are starving.")
  • deontic: You must leave now. ("You are required to leave now.")
An ambiguous case is You must speak Spanish. The primary meaning would be the deontic meaning ("You are required to speak Spanish.") but this may be intended epistemically ("It is surely the case that you speak Spanish.") Epistemic modals can be analyzed as raising verbs, while deontic modals can be analyzed as control verbs.
Epistemic usages of modals tend to develop from deontic usages. For example, the inferred certainty sense of English must developed after the strong obligation sense; the probabilistic sense of should developed after the weak obligation sense; and the possibility senses of may and can developed later than the permission or ability sense. Two typical sequences of evolution of modal meanings are:
  • internal mental ability → internal ability → root possibility (internal or external ability) → permission and epistemic possibility
  • obligation → probability

List of Modal Verbs
1.      Can                                             6.  Would
2.      Could                                          7.  Shall
3.      Will                                             8.  Should
4.      May                                             9.  Ought to
5.      Might                                          10. Must  

C.    GENERAL STRUCTURE
Subject 
Modal verb
Main verb
Complement
I
We
They
You
He
She
It
must
can
should
may
will
go
 to sleep.
drink
 some water.
eat
 some food.
do
 some exercise.

Note : Use the basic form or INFINITIVE of the main verbs after the modal verbs.


a.      Modal verbs do not add s or es to the third person singular.
Example : he can swim
                 Not
                 He cans swim

Modals example in tense
v  Simple                                                          
     I could work
     He could work
     It could work
     They could work

     Perfect
    I could have worked
    He could have worked
    It could have worked
    They could have worked

v  Continuous
     I could be working
     He could be working
     It could be working
     They could be working

      Perfect continuous
     I could have been working
     He could have been working
     It could have been working
     They could have been working

b.      Modal verbs don’t need auxiliaries to form negative and question
Exp : She should stay.
        She doesn’t should stay.    → She shouldn’t stay.
           Why does she stay?        → Why should she stay?


c. Modal verbs don’t have infinitives or –ing forms
Exp:    canning         to might


D.    HOW TO USE
1.      CAN
  Use                                                             Example
Ability / Possibility                 ->        They can control their own work.  
Impossibility                           ->        We can’t fix it.
Asking for permission           ->       Can I bring here?
Request                                   ->       Can you help me?

2.      COULD
Use                                                             Example
Permissio                                -> Could I borrow your dictionary?
Request                                  -> Could you say it again more slowly?
Possibility                               -> I think we could have another tea.
Future                                     -> I wish Cndrll could meet me next week. 
Ability                                     -> He gave up his old job so he could

3.      MAY
  Use                                                             Example
Permission                              ->  May I have another cup of coffee?
 Possibility                              ->  I may finish my homework




4.      MIGHT
  Use                                                             Example
Possibility                   -> We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be                                                                                  eating their dinner now.

5.      OUGHT TO
 Use                                                             Example
Saying what’s right or correct         -> She ought to finish by next week.

6.      SHALL
Use                                                             Example
Offer                           -> Shall I help you with your luggage?
Suggestion                  -> Shall we say 2.30 then?
Permission                  -> Shall I do that or will you?

7.      SHOULD
 Use                                                             Example
Saying what’s right or correct      ->      We should solve this problem.

8.      WILL
Use                                                             Example
Decisions                    -> I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk
Offer                           -> I'll do that for you if you like.
Promise                      -> I’ll come back  on Monday.

9.      WOULD
Use                                                             Example
Permission                  ->  Would you mind if I brought a friend with me?
Request                      ->  Would you mind waiting a moment?
Invitation                    -> Would you like to play basketball this Friday?


10.  MUST
Use                                                              Example
To state obligation or needs à  You are fat. You must get more                                                                   exercise.
To make a conclusion about
 present time                                    Ã  There is a lot of smoke, there must be a fire           

Question
1.      My son ___ be home by now. Where can he be?
a)      Have to
b)     Would
c)      Should
d)     Could

2. If you are interested in losing weight, you ______ try this new diet.
  1. Could
  2. Mustn’t
  3. Don’t have to
  4. Had to

3. Children ________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo.
a.      Ought to
b.      Must
c.       Would
d.      Mustn’t

4. __________ I speak to the Chief Councellor, please?
a.      Must
b.      May
c.       Would
d.      Need

5. You’ve never heard of Britney Spears? You ________ be serious!
a.      Must
b.      Had to
c.       Can’t
d.      Shouldn’t

Bibliography


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