MODAL VERBS
Kelompok 2 :
Danny Ekananda - 11515589
Denada Andhita - 11515671
Diana Eridawahyu - 11515855
Disa Nadila Ramadani - 11515982
Dyah Iswari - 12515086
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
MODAL VERBS
A. DEFINITION
A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb
that is used to indicate modality-that
is likelihood, ability, permission, possibility.
B. FUNCTION
A modal auxiliary verb gives information about the
function of the main verb that it governs. Modals have a wide
variety of communicative functions, but these functions can generally be
related to a scale ranging from possibility ("may") to necessity
("must"), in terms of one of the following types of modality:
- epistemic modality, concerned with the theoretical possibility of propositions being true or not true (including likelihood and certainty)
- deontic modality, concerned with possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to act (including permission and duty)
- dynamic modality, which may be distinguished from deontic modality, in that with dynamic modality, the conditioning factors are internal – the subject's own ability or willingness to act
The following sentences
illustrate epistemic and deontic uses of the English modal verb must:
- epistemic: You must be starving. ("It is necessarily the case that you are starving.")
- deontic: You must leave now. ("You are required to leave now.")
An ambiguous case is You must
speak Spanish. The primary meaning would be the deontic meaning ("You
are required to speak Spanish.") but this may be intended epistemically
("It is surely the case that you speak Spanish.") Epistemic modals
can be analyzed as raising verbs,
while deontic modals can be analyzed as control verbs.
Epistemic usages of modals tend
to develop from deontic usages. For example, the inferred certainty sense of
English must developed after the strong obligation sense; the
probabilistic sense of should developed after the weak obligation sense;
and the possibility senses of may and can developed later than
the permission or ability sense. Two typical sequences of evolution of modal
meanings are:
- internal mental ability → internal ability → root possibility (internal or external ability) → permission and epistemic possibility
- obligation → probability
List of Modal Verbs
1. Can 6.
Would
2. Could 7.
Shall
3. Will 8. Should
4. May 9. Ought to
5. Might 10.
Must
C. GENERAL STRUCTURE
|
Subject
|
Modal
verb
|
Main
verb
|
Complement
|
|
I
We
They
You
He
She
It
|
must
can
should
may
will
|
go
|
to sleep.
|
|
drink
|
some water.
|
||
|
eat
|
some food.
|
||
|
do
|
some exercise.
|
Note : Use
the basic form or INFINITIVE of the main verbs after the modal verbs.
a. Modal verbs do not
add s or es to the third person singular.
Example : he can swim
Not
He cans swim
Modals example in tense
v Simple
I could work
He could work
It could work
They could work
• Perfect
I could have worked
He could have worked
It could have worked
They could have worked
v Continuous
I could be working
He
could be working
It could be working
They could be working
• Perfect continuous
I could have been working
He could have been working
It could have been working
They could have been working
b. Modal verbs don’t
need auxiliaries to form negative and question
Exp : She should stay.
c. Modal verbs don’t have infinitives or –ing
forms
Exp: canning to
might
D. HOW TO
USE
1. CAN
Use Example
Ability / Possibility -> They can control their own
work.
Impossibility -> We
can’t fix it.
Asking for permission -> Can
I bring here?
Request -> Can you help me?
2. COULD
Use Example
Permissio -> Could I borrow your dictionary?
Request -> Could you say it again more slowly?
Possibility -> I think we could have another tea.
Future -> I wish Cndrll could meet me next week.
Ability -> He gave up his old job so he could
3. MAY
Use Example
Permission -> May I
have another cup of coffee?
Possibility -> I may
finish my homework
4. MIGHT
Use Example
Possibility -> We'd
better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.
5. OUGHT
TO
Use Example
Saying what’s right or correct -> She ought to finish by next week.
6. SHALL
Use Example
Offer -> Shall I help you with your luggage?
Suggestion -> Shall we say 2.30 then?
Permission -> Shall I do that or will you?
7. SHOULD
Use Example
Saying what’s right or correct -> We should solve this problem.
8. WILL
Use Example
Decisions -> I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk
Offer -> I'll do that for you if you like.
Promise -> I’ll come back
on Monday.
9. WOULD
Use Example
Permission -> Would you mind if I brought a friend
with me?
Request -> Would you mind waiting a moment?
Invitation -> Would you like to play basketball this Friday?
10. MUST
Use Example
To state obligation or needs à You are fat. You must get more exercise.
To make a conclusion about
present time à There
is a lot of smoke, there must be a fire
Question
1. My son ___
be home by now. Where can he be?
a)
Have to
b)
Would
c) Should
d)
Could
2. If you are interested in losing weight, you ______ try this new diet.
- Could
- Mustn’t
- Don’t have to
- Had to
3. Children ________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo.
a.
Ought to
b. Must
c.
Would
d.
Mustn’t
4. __________ I speak to the Chief Councellor, please?
a.
Must
b. May
c.
Would
d.
Need
5. You’ve never heard of Britney Spears? You
________ be serious!
a.
Must
b.
Had to
c. Can’t
d.
Shouldn’t
Bibliography
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar